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قراءة قانونية في عقوبة الإعدام من منظور التشريعات الوطنية والدولية – استشارات قانونية مجانية ابحث في أكثر من 50 مليون معلومة قانونية
قراءة قانونية في عقوبة الإعدام من منظور التشريعات الوطنية والدولية
المؤلف : جودي زينب الكتاب أو المصدر : عقوبة الاعدام بين التشريعات الوطنية والقانون الدولي
إعادة نشر بواسطة محاماة نت
عقوبة الإعدام في النظام الأمریكي لحمایة حقوق الإنسان
النظام الأمریكي لحمایة حقوق الإنسان لم یبقى بمنأى عن موضوع عقوبة الإعدام ، فقد تبنى ھو الآخر نصوصا تھتم بعقوبة الإعدام وتدعو إلى إلغائھا ، ولمعرفة ما ھو الجدید الذي أتت به الاتفاقیة الأمریكیة والبروتوكول الإضافي الملحق بھا سنتطرق إلى الإعلان العلمي لحقوق الإنسان ( الفقرة الأولى) ،ثم اتفاقیة الدول الأمریكیة لحقوق الإنسان (الفقرة الثانیة ) ، البروتوكول الخاص بالاتفاقیة الأمریكیة لحقوق الإنسان المتعلق بإلغاء عقوبة الإعدام (الفقرة الثالثة ) . الفقرة الأولى الإعلان الأمریكي لحقوق الإنسان وواجباته . تعود محاولات تدوین حقوق الإنسان من طرف النظام الأمریكي لحقوق الإنسان إلى السنوات الأولى من القرن 20 وقد كان للحرب العالیة الثانیة اثر كبیر في تعجیل عملیة التدوین ، وعلیه تم عقد مؤتمر الأمریكي الخاص بمسائل السلم والحرب سنة 1945 وعھدت إلیه صیاغة إعلان حقوق الإنسان وواجبات نصت المادة الأولى منه على : ” كل إنسان له الحق في الحیاة والحریة وسلامة شخصه. ” اعتمدت ھذه المادة في 1 ماي 1948 ،حیث وردت خالیة من أي إشارة إلى عقوبة الإعدام بالرغم من أن الأعمال التحضیریة تخللتھا مناقشات عدیدة حول المسالة لكن جاءت الصیاغة الأخیرة متماشیة مع روح النص. على الرغم من أن الإعلان ھو صك إعلاني ولیس اتفاقیة دولیة إلا أن محكمة الدول الأمریكیة رتبت علیه أثرا قانونیا ملزما ، فكما ھو معلوم فان الدول الأعضاء في منظمة الدول الأمریكیة لم تصادق جمیعھا على اتفاقیة الدول الأمریكیة لحقوق الإنسان ،مما یعني أن الإعلان مازال له دور مھم في ترتیب التزامات قانونیة على ھذه الدول وعلى رأسھا الولایات المتحدة الأمریكیة فھي ملزمة باحترام الإعلان والمادة الأولى منه . الفقرة الثانیة اتفاقیة الدول الأمریكیة لحقوق الإنسان تنص الاتفاقیة الأمریكیة (1).على التقیید من تنفیذ عقوبة الإعدام وذلك في سیاق الحق في الحیاة لكنھا ذھبت إلى ابعد ما ذھب إلیه العھد في العدید من القضایا ، لكن تبقى الاتفاقیة الأمریكیة مستوحاة من نصوص العھد والاتفاقیة الأوروبیة فمثلا نص المادة 4 مماثلا لنص المادة 6 من العھد فقط تمت صیاغته بشكل مغایر لكن لا یوجد بینھما أي فرق قانوني في الفقرة الأولى من كلا المادتین ، على الأقل فیما یتعلق بعقوبة الإعدام .
أما الفرق فیظھر في المادة 4/ 2 فالاتفاقیة الأمریكیة في مادتھا 4 لا تشیر لا للعھد ولا للاتفاقیة المتعلقة بالإبادة الجماعیة. فسرت محكمة الدول الأمریكیة لحقوق الإنسان في رأي استشاري لھا الفقرة الأولى من المادة 4 أنھا من خلالھا تسعى الاتفاقیة إلى تقیید النطاق من تطبیق عقوبة الإعدام حیث لا یتم فرضھا ولا تطبیقھا إلا في الظروف الاستثنائیة وان ھذا النص أدى إلى وجود عملیة تدریجیة لا رجعة فیھا تھدف إلى الإلغاء التدریجي لعقوبة الإعدام(2) كما تنص المادة 4/ 2 : “لا یجوز في البلدان التي لم تلغ عقوبة الإعدام أن توقع ھذه العقوبة إلا على اشد الجرائم خطورة وبموجب حكم نھائي صادر عن محكمة مختصة ووفقا لقانون ینص على تلك العقوبة یكون نافذا قبل ارتكاب الجریمة ، بالإضافة إلى ذلك فلا یجوز تطبیق عقوبة الإعدام على الجرائم التي لا یعاقب علیھا بھا حالیا، حیث تعتبر ھذه الفقرة من بین الاختلافات المتواجدة بین العھد والاتفاقیة ، فالعھد تخلو نصوصه بمثل ھذا الحكم وعلى ما یبدو فھو نص خاص بالدول التي لم تلغ العقوبة بعد ، أما بالنسبة للدول التي ألغت العقوبة فالمادة 4 في فقرتھا الثالثة تحظر على ھذه الدول إعادة العمل بھا وھذا ما یشكل تجدیدا في محتوى النصوص الدولیة الواردة في ھذا الشأن .
جاءت الاتفاقیة صریحة بشان حظرھا للعقوبة على الجرائم السیاسیة أو العادیة الملحقة بھا لكن باختلاف مفھوم الجرائم السیاسیة من بلد لآخر كیف یمكن وضع معیار لتحدید ما ھي الجرائم السیاسیة ؟ استثنت الاتفاقیة في مادتھا الرابعة فئة من الأشخاص لا تنفذ ضدھم العقوبة وھذا في فقرتھا الخامسة شملت الأشخاص دون الثمانیة عشر عاما أو فوق السبعین بالإضافة إلى النساء الحوامل وھذا وقت ارتكاب الجریمة .
وعلیه تظھر الاتفاقیة الامركیة مماثلة في حكمھا الخاص بالقصر والنساء الحوامل بذلك الذي ورد في العھد واتفاقیة حقوق الطفل ، وفي البروتوكول الإضافي الملحق باتفاقیات جنیف 1949 ، وحتى ضمانات المجلس الاقتصادي والاجتماعي 1984 ،أما الأشخاص فوق 70 سنة فلم یتم استبعاد ھذه الفئة من ھذه النصوص . تعترف الاتفاقیة الأمریكیة بحق المحكوم علیھم بالإعدام بحقھم في طلب العفو العام أو الخاص أو بإبدال العقوبة التي یمكن تلبیتھا في جمیع الحالات ، لكن لا جوز تنفیذ حكم الإعدام مادام ھذا الطلب قید الدراسة من قبل السلطة المختصة ، وھذا الاستثناء انعدم في نصوص العھد لعام 1966 وفي عام 1984 لجنة الدول الامركیة لحقوق الإنسان ، وبسبب تصرفات بعض الدول الأمریكیة وسعت نطاق تطبیق عقوبة الإعدام وعلیه دعت حكومات الدول التي لم تلغ العقوبة بعد للقیام بذلك وفقا للمادة الرابعة من الاتفاقیة الأمریكیة وتماشیا مع الاتجاه العالمي نحو الإلغاء و فكانت الدعوة إلى تبني بروتوكول إضافي للاتفاقیة خاص بإلغاء عقوبة الإعدام . الفقرة الثالثة البروتوكول الخاص بالاتفاقیة الأمریكیة لحقوق الإنسان لإلغاء عقوبة الإعدام ھو صك قصیر مقارنة مع الصكوك الأخرى یتضمن مقدمة و 4 مواد ، وقد جاء في مقدمته تأكید على المادة الرابعة من الاتفاقیة الأمریكیة بشان حقوق الإنسان والتي تقر بالحق في الحیاة وتقید من تطبیق العقوبة ، أكد على أن الحق في الحیاة لا یتبدل ولا یمنك أن یعطل لأي سبب، كما أشار إلى النتائج السلبیة لھذه العقوبة التي یتعذر تغییرھا حیث یصعب تصحیح الخطأ القضائي ، كما أنھا تحول دون إمكانیة للتغییر أو رد اعتبار لھؤلاء المدانین و في حین أكد أن إلغائھا سیساعد على ضمان مزید من الحمایة الفعالة للحق في الحیاة . نص في مادته الأولى على أن لا تطبق الدول الأطراف عقوبة الإعدام في أراضیھا على أي شخص یخضع لولایتھا القضائیة ، حیث لا یجوز إبداء أي تحفظات على البرتوكول لكن یجوز للدول عند التصدیق او الانضمام أن تعلن أنھا تحتفظ بحق تطبیق عقوبة الإعدام في وقت الحرب وفقا للقانون الدولي عن الجرائم الخطیرة للغایة ذات الطبیعة العسكریة لكن قبل إبداء تحفظھا علیھا إخطار الأمین العام لمنظمة الدول الأمریكیة بالأحكام ذات الصلة في قانونھا المحلي واجب التطبیق في وقت الحرب بالإضافة إلى ضرورة إخطاره ببدایة أو نھایة حالة الحرب واقعة في إقلیمھا (3) . ________________ 1- اتفاقیة سان خوسیه الموقعة في 22/11/1969 دخلت حیز التنفیذ في 18/8/ 1978 بتمام إحدى عشر دولة لوقائع التصدیق والانضمام . 2- Ioanna Nakou . Op. Cit.p 70 3- Ioanna Nakou . Op. Cit.p 71-72
عقوبة الإعدام في المواثیق الافریقیة یعتبر المیثاق الإفریقي ( 1) أھم وثیقة تم تبنیھا على المستوى الإفریقي ، كما یعد اكبر نظام إقلیمي لحمایة حقوق الإنسان في مجال الأمم المتحدة ، حیث صدقت علیھ حتى الیوم 53 دولة من بین 54 في القارة بأسرھا . لقد وردت نصوص المیثاق بطریقة غامضة بسیطة اقل تفصیلا من تلك التي احتوتھا الاتفاقیة الأمریكیة والأوروبیة فیما یتعلق بالحق في الحیاة ، فقد نصت المادة الرابعة منه على : “لا یجوز انتھاك حرمة الإنسان. ومن حقه احترام حیاته وسلامة شخصه البدنیة والمعنویة. ولا یجوز حرمانه من ھذا الحق تعسفا .” وردت ھذه المادة بصفة عامة لم تشر إلى عقوبة الإعدام ، لم توضح ما المقصود بكلمة تعسفا وھل تعد عقوبة الإعدام من قبیل الأعمال التعسفیة أم لا ، فھي لم توضح الحالات التي یعتبر فیھا الحرمان من الحق في الحیاة قد تم تعسفا ، فھناك مرونة في تفسیر المادة .
ینص المیثاق على مجموعة من الحقوق : حق الشعوب في التنمیة ، وفي التمتع ببیئة نظیفة ، وحق الشعوب في السلم … الملاحظ أن كل ھذه الحقوق ذات أبعاد جماعیة ، في حین الحق في الحیاة ھو أكثر توجھا نحو الفردیة فالمیثاق یؤكد على توفیر الحق في الحصول على نوعیة معینة من الحیاة لكن الحق في الحیاة بالمعنى المعتاد لازال أكثر الحقوق أھمیة (2)
كتب احد المختصین في مجال حقوق الإنسان الإفریقي etienne- richard Nbaya أن المادة الرابعة تسمح بتطبیق عقوبة الإعدام بشرط أن تكون طبقا للقانون ، أما الأستا”ذ Benoits . Ngon فقد تحدث عن تجاھل لمسالة عقوبة الإعدام في إفریقیا ، حیث بدى وكان اللجنة الإفریقیة لحقوق الإنسان تتجنب أن تتناول في تقاریرھا القضایا المتعلقة بالمادة الرابعة وخاصة تلك المتعلقة بعقوبة الإعدام . بالإضافة إلى المادة الرابعة نجد أن المادة الخامسة من المیثاق الإفریقي لحقوق الإنسان والشعوب تنص على: ” لكل فرد الحق في احترام كرامته والاعتراف بشخصیته القانونیة وحظر كافة أشكال استغلاله وامتھانه واستعباده خاصة الاسترقاق والتعذیب بكافة أنواعه والعقوبات والمعاملة الوحشیة أو اللاانسانیة أو المذلة .
وردت كلمة عقوبات في ھذه المادة لكنھ لم یتم التوضیح أي نوع من العقوبات و ھل تندرج عقوبة الإعدام ضمنھا أم لا ؟ وعلیه لا یمكننا معرفة ما إذا كان واضعو المیثاق الإفریقي تجنبوا الإشارة إلى عقوبة الإعدام عن قصد أو بسبب نقص المواد المتوفرة حول الموضوع أو لأسباب أخرى ؟ لقد نصت المادة الرابعة من بروتوكول حقوق المرأة في إفریقیا الملحق بالمیثاق الإفریقي على أن لكل امرأة الحق في احترام حیاتھا وأمانھا الشخصي ، ویتعین حظر جمیع أشكال الاستغلال والمعاملة أو العقوبة القاسیة أو الإنسانیة أو المھینة .
وفي الفقرة ي من نفس المادة نصت على ضمان عدم تطبیق عقوبة الإعدام في البلدان التي مازالت تطبقھا على الحوامل والمرضعات ، ھذه الفقرة خاصة بالدول التي مازالت تطبق العقوبة ولكنھا لم توضح كیف یتم ھذا الضمان ؟ أما المیثاق الإفریقي لحقوق ورفاھیة الطفل فقد حظر تطبیق عقوبة الإعدام على الأطفال وھذا في المادة الخامسة منه التي تنص : لكل طفل حق أصیل في الحیاة ویحمي القانون ھذا الحق وعلى الدول الأطراف أن تكفل بقاء وحمایة وتنمیة الطفل إلى أقصى حد ممكن . فكغیره من النصوص أكد على الحق في الحیاة و كفله بحمایة القانون ،أما في الفقرة الثالثة فنص على انه لا یصدر حكم الإعدام في الجرائم التي یرتكبھا الأطفال .
وتضیف المادة 30 من نفس المیثاق انھ على الدول الأطراف في المیثاق أن تضمن عدم صدور حكم في حق الأمھات اللائي على وشك الولادة ، وأمھات الأطفال الرضع وصغار الأطفال اللائي اتھمن بجریمة . وفي إطار الحدیث عن عقوبة الإعدام فقد صدر عن اللجنة الإفریقیة لحقوق الإنسان والشعوب قرارات لھا علاقة بالموضوع مثل القرار رقم 136/ 08 الصادر في 24 نوفمبر 2008 والذي یحث الدول في النظر في وقف تنفیذ عقوبة الإعدام ، من خلال ھذا القرار حثت اللجنة الدول التي مازالت تطبق العقوبة إلى الامتثال الكامل لالتزاماتھا بموجب ھذه المعاھدة وعلیھا توفیر ضمانات المحاكمة العادلة التي حددھا المیثاق في المادة 7 وغیرھا من القواعد ذات الصلة والمعاھدات الدولیة والإقلیمیة ، كما دعت الدول الأطراف لمراقبة وقف تنفیذ عقوبة الإعدام بھدف إلغاء العقوبة وعلى الدول التي مازالت لم تصادق على البروتوكول الثاني الملحق بالعھد أن تقوم بذلك و وفي الأخیر طلبت اللجنة من الدول الأطراف أن تضمن في تقاریرھا معلومات عن التقدم المحرز نخو إلغاء عقوبة الإعدام(3) . ___________________ 1- بدا الإعداد له منذ یونیو 1979 حتى صدر في نیروبي سنة 1981 ، ودخل حیز التنفیذ في أكتوبر 1986 . 2- انظر: بن براھیم فخار (حمو)، عقوبة الإعدام دراسة مقارنة ( رسالة ماجستیر ) ،جامعة الجزائر،كلیة الحقوق . 20 ،ص94. 3-Ioanna Nakou . Op. Cit . p24 -25
عقوبة الإعدام في المواثیق العربیة لقد عرفت الفترة ما بین 1979 و 1994 توالي إعلانات تتعلق بحقوق الإنسان في العالم العربي والتي من أھمھا المیثاق العربي لحقوق الإنسان والإعلان الإسلامي .. 1981 ، فھل كان موقف ھذه النصوص مماثلا لما تضمنته الاتفاقیتین الأوروبیة والأمریكیة أم كان موقفھا أكثر احتشاما؟ أم انه أكثر تأثرا بالشریعة الإسلامیة ؟
تنص الماد ة الخامسة. (1) . من المیثاق على الحق في الحیاة واعتبرته حق ملازم لكل شخص وفي الفقرة الثانیة نصت على أن یتم حمایة ھذا الحق من قبل القانون و ولا یجوز حرمان أي احد من حیاته تعسفا و والملا حظ أن كلمة تعسفا تدع مجالا للتأویل والتفسیر لأنھا تحتمل عدة تفسیرات ، أما فیما یتعلق بعقوبة الإعدام فالمیثاق لم ینص على الحظر المطلق لعقوبة الإعدام فقد احتفظ بتطبیقھا في الجنایات البالغة الخطورة وھذا ما نصت علیه المادة السادسة : ” لا یجوز الحكم بعقوبة الإعدام إلا في الجنایات بالغة الخطورة ..” ، حیث وضعت شرطین لتنفیذ ھذه العقوبة ھما : – أن یكون الحكم بعقوبة الإعدام وفقا للتشریعات النافذة وقت ارتكاب الجریمة أن تكون بمقتضى حكم نھائي صادر عن محكمة مختصة ھذه المادة لم تعط معنى واضحا للجرائم البالغة الخطورة وفقد تركت ھذا الأمر مرھون بما تحدده التشریعات الداخلیة وھذا ما سیجعل مفھوم الجرائم بالغة الخطورة یتغیر من دولة إلى أخرى ، أما الشروط التي وضعتھا من اجل الحكم بالإعدام فھي مماثلة لما سارت علیھا النصوص السابقة ، ونفس المادة تنص على ان للمحكوم علیه الحق في طلب العفو حیث یجوز له طلب العفو أو استبدال العقوبة بعقوبة أخرى .
وقد استثنى المیثاق العربي(2) فئة الأشخاص دون الثامنة عشر من عقوبة الإعدام لكنه في نفس الوقت لم یلزم الدول بفرض الحظر المطلق بالنسبة لھذه الفئة بل ترك التشریعات الوطنیة لكل دولة إمكانیة الحكم بالإعدام على الأشخاص القصر وھذا ما یفھم من خلال المادة السابعة و أما بالنسبة للمرأة الحامل فقد استبعدت المادة 7/ 2 تنفیذ عقوبة الإعدام على المرأة الحامل حیث یؤجل التنفیذ إلى حین تضع حملھا وفي حالة الأم المرضع فیؤجل التنفیذ بعد انقضاء عامین على تاریخ الولادة .
الملاحظ ھنا أن النسخة السابق كانت تنص المادة 12 منھا على : لا یجوز تنفیذ حكم الإعدام فیمن یقل عمره عن 18 عشر عاما ” فالمادة السابعة من النسخة المنقحة لسنة 2004 أضعفت من تدابیر الحمایة المذكورة من قبل ، كما تضمنت النسخة الأقدم مادة تحظر الحكم بعقوبة الإعدام في جریمة سیاسیة وھي المادة 11 لكن تم استبعاد ھذا النص . نص الإعلان الإسلامي لحقوق الإنسان لعام 1981 في مادته الأولى على الحق في الحیاة واعتبرھا ” حیاة الإنسان مقدسة … لا یجوز لأحد الاعتداء علیھا …… ولا تسلب ھذه القدسیة إلا بسلطان الشریعة وبالإجراءات التي یقرھا. ،من خلال ھذه المادة فالإعلان الإسلامي یستند إلى اجكام الشریعة الإسلامیة ویسمح بتنفیذ العقوبة إذا كانت ضمن ھذا الإطار.. أما إعلان القاھرة حول حقوق الإنسان في الإسلام لعام 1990 فقد تضمن النص على الحق في الحیاة وأكد على أنھا ھبة من الله وھي مكفولة لكل إنسان وانھ على الأفراد والمجتمعات والدول حمایة ھذا الحق من كل اعتداء..
لا یجوز إزھاق روح دون مقتضى شرعي . لقد اتبع ھذا الإعلان نفس المنحى الذي سار علیه الإعلان الإسلامي لعام 1981 ، وقد اكتفى عھد حقوق الطفل في الإسلام لسنة 2005 بالنص على حق الطفل في الحیاة. وفي 2008 صدر إعلان الإسكندریة یدعو الدول عربیة لتطبیق توصیة الأمم المتحدة 62 /149 المتعلقة بوقف استخدام عقوبة الإعدام ، یشري الإعلان إلى أن عقوبة الإعدام تعد إخلال بالحق في الحیاة وإنھا لم تنجح مطلقا في ردع الجریمة واعتبرھا تعذیبا ومن قبیل المعاملة القاسیة والمھینة ،كما أشار إلى إفراط الأنظمة العربیة في استعمال العقوبة بشكل كبیر.، لذلك دعت الدول إلى الالتزام الكامل بتوصیة الأمم المتحدة. بناء على ما تقدم ذكره في عمل المعاھدات الدولیة والإقلیمیة في مجال عقوبة الإعدام لاحظنا الاھتمام الذي حظیت به عقوبة الإعدام باعتبارھا عقوبة استئصالیه ،لذلك سعت ھذه المعاھدات جاھدة في إیجاد نصوص من شانھا توفیر الحمایة اللازمة لمن تنفذ في حقھم ھذه العقوبة . ____________ 1- انظر: كنعان ( نواف ) حقوق الإنسان في الإسلام والمواثیق الدولیة والدساتیر العربیة، ط 1 ،،إثراء للنشر والتوزیع ، 2008 ،ص . 231 2- انظر:المیثاق العربي لحقوق الانسان عام 1994 خضع للتنقیح عام 2003 واعتمد عام 2004 ودخل حیز التنفیذ . في ینایر 2008
مقال حول: قراءة قانونية في عقوبة الإعدام من منظور التشريعات الوطنية والدولية
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